{"id":733,"date":"2021-11-19T11:25:21","date_gmt":"2021-11-19T10:25:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/2021\/11\/19\/big-tobacco-type-lawsuits-from-state-ags-a-roadmap-for-redressing-facebooks-harms-just-security\/"},"modified":"2021-11-19T11:25:21","modified_gmt":"2021-11-19T10:25:21","slug":"big-tobacco-type-lawsuits-from-state-ags-a-roadmap-for-redressing-facebooks-harms-just-security","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/2021\/11\/19\/big-tobacco-type-lawsuits-from-state-ags-a-roadmap-for-redressing-facebooks-harms-just-security\/","title":{"rendered":"Big-Tobacco-Type Lawsuits from State AGs: A Roadmap for Redressing Facebook&#039;s Harms &#8211; Just Security"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"cfbc967f0983488262956e73eca9483a\" data-index=\"1\" style=\"float: none; margin:10px 0 10px 0; text-align:center;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3859091246952232\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- blok -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3859091246952232\" data-ad-slot=\"1334354390\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\n<\/div>\n<p>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/harshbargerscott\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Scott Harshbarger\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Scott Harshbarger<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/aftergutdennis\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Dennis Aftergut\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Dennis Aftergut<\/a><br \/>November 18, 2021<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/2016-presidential-elections\/\" rel=\"tag\">2016 Presidential Elections<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/2020-presidential-election\/\" rel=\"tag\">2020 presidential election<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/elections\/\" rel=\"tag\">elections<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/facebook\/\" rel=\"tag\">Facebook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/human-trafficking\/\" rel=\"tag\">human trafficking<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/litigation\/\" rel=\"tag\">Litigation<\/a><br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/harshbargerscott\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Scott Harshbarger\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Scott Harshbarger<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/aftergutdennis\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Dennis Aftergut\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Dennis Aftergut<\/a><br \/>November 18, 2021<br \/>Twenty-three years ago, 46 states, private parties, and Big Tobacco reached the largest settlement of civil litigation claims in American history. Under that agreement, and related settlements with the other four states, the tobacco companies bound themselves to a host of restrictions on their marketing practices and have paid the states more than $200 billion.<br \/>That historic, bipartisan action should provide a blueprint for today\u2019s state attorneys general (AGs) some of whom are investigating collective legal action against Facebook (re-named \u201cMeta\u201d on October 28, but we\u2019ll continue to call it Facebook here). On Nov. 16, Ohio\u2019s attorney general became the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/2021\/11\/16\/meta-ohio-lawsuit\/\">first to file<\/a> such a lawsuit. Like the states&#8217; tobacco lawsuits, the claims against Facebook will likely focus on deception relating to predatory marketing practices directly targeting children. Here, however, the claims should also go to Facebook\u2019s role in enabling threats to national security, particularly in the radicalized unrest and violence that showed up in the Capitol riot of Jan. 6.<br \/>One of us (Harshbarger) was the Massachusetts attorney general who signed the 1998 nation-wide Big Tobacco Master Settlement. The other (Aftergut) worked on the case in California.<br \/>The litigation was remarkably effective. Under the 1998 settlement, the major tobacco companies, including Phillip Morris and RJ Reynolds,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.publichealthlawcenter.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/MSA-Overview-2019.pdf\">agreed<\/a>\u00a0to pay billions yearly to compensate states for health costs of smoking and to stop ads aimed at kids. Dramatic results ensued. For example, the annual portion of eighth graders who had smoked the month before being surveyed <a href=\"http:\/\/www.monitoringthefuture.org\/pubs\/monographs\/mtf-overview2020.pdf#page=96\">steadily dropped<\/a> from 19 percent in 1998 to 2 percent in 2020.<br \/>The suits were brought under consumer protection laws that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nclc.org\/images\/pdf\/udap\/udap-appC.pdf\">impose<\/a>\u00a0corporate liability for deceptive, unfair, or unconscionable business practices. In states like California, where Facebook is headquartered and where the Ohio suit has been filed, courts define unfair business practices broadly to include those that violate public policy. Promoting an insurrection for profit does just that.<br \/>The central theme of the 1990s litigation was that Big Tobacco deceived the public for competitive advantage and to avoid regulation. The industry offered false assurances when in fact its marketing practices were deliberately designed to produce nicotine dependency in young people for profit. Whistleblowers and millions of pages of documents produced in litigation proved the fraud. (Indeed, more whistleblowers came forward as the litigation proceeded, as those with pertinent information saw the potential effectiveness of their speaking out.)<br \/>Fast forward 23 years, and it\u2019s <em>d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu<\/em> all over again. Over the past months, whistleblower Frances Haugen, a former Facebook product manager, has\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/facebook-algorithm-change-zuckerberg-11631654215\">disclosed<\/a> documents that strongly suggest that Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg\u2019s statements to Congress and the public were designed to lull them into believing, falsely, that the harms caused by the company\u2019s products were either minimal, unavoidable, or being contained sufficiently by current company policies. Haugen\u2019s disclosures show that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/09\/16\/facebook-files-internal-research-harms\/\">none<\/a> of that was true.<br \/>Like Big Tobacco CEOs, Zuckerberg repeatedly but wrongly claimed that the company had turned to policing itself well. In 2018, Zuckerberg <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/the-switch\/wp\/2018\/04\/10\/transcript-of-mark-zuckerbergs-senate-hearing\/\">acknowledged<\/a> to Congress that the company \u201cdidn&#8217;t take a broad enough view of our responsibility, and that was a big mistake.\u201d\u00a0He said, \u201cWe need to now take a more active view in policing the ecosystem and in\u00a0&#8230; making sure that all of the members in our community are using these tools in a way that&#8217;s going to be good and healthy.\u201d<br \/>The new whistleblower documents make those pledges look like duplicity, particularly given Zuckerberg\u2019s prioritizing massive revenue growth at the expense of children&#8217;s health and safety, and the integrity of democracy. In 2017, Facebook communications officer Tucker Bounds allegedly\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/10\/22\/facebook-new-whistleblower-complaint\/\">predicted<\/a>\u00a0that Congressional attention \u201cwill be a flash in the pan. &#8230; Meanwhile we are printing money in the basement.\u201d<br \/>The financial success rolls on. Facebook just reported quarterly revenues of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.investors.com\/news\/technology\/facebook-stock-in-focus-with-quarterly-earnings-report\/\">$29 billion<\/a>.\u00a0And they\u2019ve done it, like Big Tobacco, by continuing behavior damaging to the public after they knew it was harmful.<br \/>In the Big Tobacco case, the AGs faced a major legal obstacle that they overcame \u2013 the companies\u2019 claims of federal statutory preemption under the 1966 federal cigarette labeling law\u00a0and its later amendments. Here, too, a lawsuit would need to reckon with a serious federal statutory hurdle. Section 230 of the Decency Act of 1996 broadly immunizes internet providers from liability for transmitting content posted by others. The Second Circuit has <a href=\"https:\/\/casetext.com\/case\/force-v-facebook-inc\">applied<\/a> that provision to Facebook\u2019s use of algorithms to suggest content to its users.<br \/>Section 230 contains, however, a promising loophole for the AG action proposed here. Liability is not barred for actions under state law that are \u201cconsistent with\u201d Section 230. A strong argument is available that a lawsuit against Facebook based on state consumer laws that prohibit deceiving the public is \u201cconsistent with\u201d \u00a7230\u2019s immunity for a \u201cpublisher\u201d of content. Nothing in that protection shields public misrepresentations about a providers\u2019 intention and ability to reform itself without regulation.<br \/>In the 1990s, the AGs often spoke of the tobacco companies\u2019 \u201c3 Big Lies\u201d: that 1) it was unproven that smoking caused cancer and death; 2) nicotine was not addictive and therefore smoking was a personal choice; and 3) Big Tobacco did not market unlawfully. In parallel fashion today, Facebook\u2019s promises to change its ways look deceitful as to three unconscionable business practices that it knew about and has failed to stop.<br \/>Haugen\u2019s revelations tell of Facebook <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/10\/03\/technology\/whistle-blower-facebook-frances-haugen.html\">promoting political polarity<\/a> of the kind that led to the Jan. 6 insurrection.\u00a0According to company\u2019s internal researchers, its algorithm for multiplying MSI \u2013 \u201cmeaningful social interaction,\u201d Zuckerberg\u2019s term for engaged social media traffic \u2013 was exponentially\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/facebook-algorithm-change-zuckerberg-11631654215?mod=article_inline\">increasing political rage<\/a>: \u201cMisinformation, toxicity, and violent content are inordinately prevalent among reshares.\u201d<br \/>In June 2019, Facebook researchers apparently created a user with the profile of a North Carolina mom who liked Fox News and Donald Trump. Within two days, though she expressed no affinity for conspiracy theories, she was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/facebook-papers-leak-qanon-carol-smith-research-2021-10\">driven<\/a> to a site for Q-Anon, the false conspiracy-touting website. Q-Anon loyalty is a recurring theme among dozens arrested in connection with Jan. 6.<br \/>An October 27 study of the rightwing militia group Oath Keepers&#8217; emails by <em>Mother Jones<\/em>\u00a0Magazine\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/politics\/2021\/10\/oath-keepers-why-join\/\">concluded<\/a>\u00a0that Facebook was the most common route to membership. Four Oath Keepers have\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/us\/articles\/2021-09-15\/oath-keeper-pleads-guilty-in-jan-6-riot-will-cooperate\">pleaded guilty<\/a>\u00a0for participating in the Jan. 6 insurrection.<br \/>Months earlier, in April 2020, Zuckerberg <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/10\/25\/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-whistleblower\/\">resisted<\/a> proposed changes based on warnings about the divisiveness Facebook was curating: \u201cMark doesn\u2019t think we could go broad\u201d with the fix. \u201cWe wouldn\u2019t launch if there was a material MSI impact,\u201d<br \/>Facebook was evidently willing to accelerate the degradation of American society to grow the company\u2019s bottom line. Zuckerberg\u2019s reported resistance to a \u201cbroad\u201d fix came two years after he <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/the-switch\/wp\/2018\/04\/10\/transcript-of-mark-zuckerbergs-senate-hearing\/\">told<\/a> the Senate: \u201c[I]t&#8217;s clear now that we didn&#8217;t do enough to prevent these tools from being used for harm &#8230; [a]nd that goes for fake news, foreign election interference and hate speech.\u201d<br \/>Lulling Congress and the public with statements designed to promote belief that nothing need be done to stop harmful conduct is reminiscent of the tobacco companies&#8217; deceit to avoid regulation in the 1990s. The collective action of state attorneys\u2019 general successfully attacked that deceit and held the companies to account. Like Facebook, the companies were producing externalities &#8212; a grave public health hazard &#8212; with consumers in need of protection. In handling Facebook\u2019s malfeasance, adding a securities fraud claim a la Ohio\u2019s action on Tuesday would be smart.<br \/>According to \u201cSave the Children,\u201d a century-old nonprofit, the United States has one of the world\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.savethechildren.org\/us\/charity-stories\/child-trafficking-myths-vs-facts\">most active<\/a> sex trafficking markets.<br \/>In March 2018, Facebook employees flagged that despite a policy against it, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2021\/10\/25\/tech\/facebook-instagram-app-store-ban-human-trafficking\/index.html\">human trafficking was flowing<\/a> on Instagram, Facebook\u2019s subsidiary. Apparently, the company took action only a year later, after the BBC, using a few hashtags, located trafficking posts. 703 profiles were removed.<br \/>That wasn\u2019t even a half-way measure. After the BBC story published, the Apple Store threatened to remove Facebook\u2019s app. It took that huge threat to profitability for Facebook to escalate its countermeasures &#8212; though inadequately &#8212; acting against 100,000 content pieces.\u00a0Then, two years later,\u00a0in late October 2021, a replay: CNN\u00a0alerted Facebook to continued human trafficking after a reporter easily located multiple posts.<br \/>It is evident that media attention or a serious threat to revenue is required for Facebook to correct course. The Big Tobacco litigation showed how class action and Attorney General lawsuits can provide such attention and threat.<br \/>Internal Facebook memos document that in 2019, Facebook researchers <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/facebook-knows-instagram-is-toxic-for-teen-girls-company-documents-show-11631620739?mod=hp_lead_pos7&amp;mod=article_inline\">concluded<\/a>:\u00a0\u201cWe make body image issues worse for one in three teen girls. Teens blame Instagram for increases in the rate of anxiety and depression.\u201c<br \/>According to Haugen, Facebook\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2021\/10\/05\/facebook-whistleblower-frances-haugen-testifies-before-the-senate\/\">algorithms<\/a>\u00a0rank engagement to customize content to users, often driving them to more emotionally intense content. In the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2021\/10\/25\/facebook-frances-haugen-molly-russell-teen-suicide-social-media-uk\/\">words of a father\u00a0<\/a>whose teenage daughter ended her life, the algorithms led to \u201can Instagram feed full of suicidal ideation and self-harm.\u201d<br \/>Today, more than <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2021\/11\/10\/business\/cnn-poll-facebook\/index.html\">three of four Americans<\/a> believe that Facebook does more harm than good. To protect \u00a0political, social, and personal well-being, accountability for Facebook is in order. It\u2019s time for bipartisan state attorneys general to dust off the Big Tobacco playbook.<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/2016-presidential-elections\/\" rel=\"tag\">2016 Presidential Elections<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/2020-presidential-election\/\" rel=\"tag\">2020 presidential election<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/elections\/\" rel=\"tag\">elections<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/facebook\/\" rel=\"tag\">Facebook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/human-trafficking\/\" rel=\"tag\">human trafficking<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/tag\/litigation\/\" rel=\"tag\">Litigation<\/a><br \/>All-source, public repository of congressional hearing transcripts, government agency documents, digital forensics, social media analysis, public opinion surveys, empirical research, more.<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/carothersthomas\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Thomas Carothers\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Thomas Carothers<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/pressbenjamin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Benjamin Press\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Benjamin Press<\/a><br \/>Nov 18th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/hendrixjustin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Justin Hendrix<\/a><br \/>Nov 18th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/roggjeffrey\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Jeffrey Rogg\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Jeffrey Rogg<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/stiglerandrew\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Andrew Stigler\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Andrew Stigler<\/a><br \/>Nov 17th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/rosenbrianna\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Brianna Rosen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/hartigluke\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Luke Hartig\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Luke Hartig<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bridgemantess\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Tess Bridgeman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a><br \/>Nov 15th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/frieddaniel\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ambassador Daniel Fried<\/a><br \/>Nov 15th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/elderfieldjulian\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Julian Elderfield\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Julian Elderfield<\/a><br \/>Nov 12th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/michaelbreen\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Michael Breen\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Michael Breen<\/a><br \/>Nov 11th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/hartigluke\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Luke Hartig\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Luke Hartig<\/a><br \/>Nov 10th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bromundted\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ted R. Bromund<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/reichjonathan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Jonathan Reich\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Jonathan Reich<\/a><br \/>Nov 10th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/fosterstephenie\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Stephenie Foster\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Stephenie Foster<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/markhamsusan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Susan Markham\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Susan Markham<\/a><br \/>Nov 8th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/fidelleugene\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Eugene R. Fidell\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Eugene R. Fidell<\/a><br \/>Nov 5th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/hurlburtheather\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Heather Hurlburt\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Heather Hurlburt<\/a><br \/>Nov 5th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/rosanderic\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Eric Rosand\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Eric Rosand<\/a><br \/>Nov 4th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/schoonoverrod\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Rod Schoonover\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Rod Schoonover<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sikorskyerin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Erin Sikorsky\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Erin Sikorsky<\/a><br \/>Nov 3rd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/rosenbrianna\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Brianna Rosen<\/a><br \/>Nov 1st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goiteinelizabeth\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Elizabeth Goitein<\/a><br \/>Oct 29th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/kassemramzi\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ramzi Kassem\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ramzi Kassem<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/mignotmahdavirebecca\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Rebecca Mignot-Mahdavi\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Rebecca Mignot-Mahdavi<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sullivangavin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Gavin Sullivan\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Gavin Sullivan<\/a><br \/>Oct 28th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/korblawrence\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Lawrence Korb\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Lawrence Korb<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/toofankaveh\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Kaveh Toofan\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Kaveh Toofan<\/a><br \/>Oct 27th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/hamiltonrebecca\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Rebecca Hamilton<\/a><br \/>Oct 25th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/lieblicheliav\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Eliav Lieblich\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Eliav Lieblich<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/shinaradam\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Adam Shinar\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Adam Shinar<\/a><br \/>Oct 24th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bassuenerkurt\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Kurt Bassuener\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Kurt Bassuener<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/selosabicsenada\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Senada \u0160elo \u0160abi\u0107\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Senada \u0160elo \u0160abi\u0107<\/a><br \/>Oct 22nd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/abrahamheather\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Heather Abraham\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Heather Abraham<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/manesjonathan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Jonathan Manes\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Jonathan Manes<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/abdoalex\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Alex Abdo\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Alex Abdo<\/a><br \/>Oct 21st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/aslundanders\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Anders \u00c5slund\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Anders \u00c5slund<\/a><br \/>Oct 20th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/stonecorin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Corin R. Stone\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Corin R. Stone<\/a><br \/>Oct 19th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/marguliesjoseph\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Joseph Margulies\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Joseph Margulies<\/a><br \/>Oct 18th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/andersenelizabeth\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Elizabeth Andersen<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/evangelidesalicia\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Alicia Evangelides<\/a><br \/>Oct 14th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/kleinadam\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Adam Klein\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Adam Klein<\/a><br \/>Oct 13th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/muntercameron\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ambassador Cameron Munter (ret.)\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ambassador Cameron Munter (ret.)<\/a><br \/>Oct 12th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/peckraoul\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Raoul Peck\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Raoul Peck<\/a><br \/>Oct 12th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/rudolphjoshua\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Joshua Rudolph\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Joshua Rudolph<\/a><br \/>Oct 7th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/hendrixjustin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Justin Hendrix<\/a><br \/>Oct 6th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/schefferdavid\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ambassador David Scheffer\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ambassador David Scheffer<\/a><br \/>Oct 6th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/finucanebrian\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Brian Finucane\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Brian Finucane<\/a><br \/>Oct 4th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bergerchristine\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Christine Berger\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Christine Berger<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/shieldsmargaret\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Margaret Shields\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Margaret Shields<\/a><br \/>Sep 30th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/grahamjrthomas\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr.\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr.<\/a><br \/>Sep 29th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/howserobert\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Robert Howse\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Robert Howse<\/a><br \/>Sep 28th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/stonecorin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Corin R. Stone\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Corin R. Stone<\/a><br \/>Sep 28th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/donahoeeileen\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret.) Eileen Donahoe\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ambassador (ret.) Eileen Donahoe<\/a><br \/>Sep 27th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/neieraryeh\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Aryeh Neier\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Aryeh Neier<\/a><br \/>Sep 24th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/rappstephen\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ambassador Stephen J. Rapp\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ambassador Stephen J. Rapp<\/a><br \/>Sep 23rd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goiteinelizabeth\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Elizabeth Goitein<\/a><br \/>Sep 22nd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/payamakhavan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Payam Akhavan\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Payam Akhavan<\/a><br \/>Sep 21st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bridgemantess\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Tess Bridgeman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a><br \/>Sep 20th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/feingoldruss\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Russ Feingold\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Russ Feingold<\/a><br \/>Sep 20th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/lillydamian\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Damian Lilly\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Damian Lilly<\/a><br \/>Sep 20th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/murphysean\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Sean Murphy\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Sean Murphy<\/a><br \/>Sep 17th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/katzsteven\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Steven Katz\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Steven Katz<\/a><br \/>Sep 16th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goldstonerichard\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Justice Richard Goldstone\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Justice Richard Goldstone<\/a><br \/>Sep 15th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/jafferjameel\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Jameel Jaffer\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Jameel Jaffer<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a><br \/>Sep 14th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/barberrebecca\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Rebecca Barber\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Rebecca Barber<\/a><br \/>Sep 14th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/marguliesjoseph\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Joseph Margulies\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Joseph Margulies<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/amzybaher\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Baher Azmy\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Baher Azmy<\/a><br \/>Sep 13th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/wittjohn\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by John Fabian Witt\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">John Fabian Witt<\/a><br \/>Sep 8th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bridgemantess\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Tess Bridgeman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goldbrennerrachel\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Rachel Goldbrenner\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Rachel Goldbrenner<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a><br \/>Sep 7th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/walther-puriandrea\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Andrea Walther-Puri\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Andrea Walther-Puri<\/a><br \/>Sep 6th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/alpertrachel\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Rachel Alpert\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Rachel Alpert<\/a><br \/>Sep 3rd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/barrheather\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Heather Barr\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Heather Barr<\/a><br \/>Sep 2nd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/erikssonbeatrice\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Beatrice Eriksson\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Beatrice Eriksson<\/a><br \/>Sep 2nd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/hafetzjonathan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Jonathan Hafetz\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Jonathan Hafetz<\/a><br \/>Sep 1st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/oneilsiobhan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Siobhan O\u2019Neil\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Siobhan O\u2019Neil<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/markszoe\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Zoe Marks\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Zoe Marks<\/a><br \/>Aug 31st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/arrochaolabuenagapablo\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Pablo Arrocha Olabuenaga\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Pablo Arrocha Olabuenaga<\/a><br \/>Aug 30th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/aftergutdennis\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Dennis Aftergut\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Dennis Aftergut<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/clarkkathleen\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Kathleen Clark\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Kathleen Clark<\/a><br \/>Aug 26th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/smithadam\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Adam M. Smith\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Adam M. Smith<\/a><br \/>Aug 23rd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/trevertongregory\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Gregory F. Treverton\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Gregory F. Treverton<\/a><br \/>Aug 21st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/esperancepierre\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Pierre Esperance\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Pierre Esperance<\/a><br \/>Aug 19th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/johnsonlarry\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Larry D. Johnson\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Larry D. Johnson<\/a><br \/>Aug 18th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/londondouglas\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Douglas London\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Douglas London<\/a><br \/>Aug 18th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bridgemantess\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Tess Bridgeman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a><br \/>Aug 17th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/stonecorin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Corin R. Stone\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Corin R. Stone<\/a><br \/>Aug 17th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/niaolainfionnuala\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Fionnuala N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Fionnuala N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in<\/a><br \/>Aug 16th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/wrightandy\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Andy Wright\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Andy Wright<\/a><br \/>Aug 13th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/dempseyjason\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Jason K. Dempsey\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Jason K. Dempsey<\/a><br \/>Aug 12th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/shivalkarjuilee\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Juilee Shivalkar\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Juilee Shivalkar<\/a><br \/>Aug 8th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/irapkhan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Khan\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Khan<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/juliekornfeld\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Julie Kornfeld\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Julie Kornfeld<\/a><br \/>Aug 2nd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/finucanebrian\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Brian Finucane\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Brian Finucane<\/a><br \/>Jul 31st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/clooneyamal\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Amal Clooney\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Amal Clooney<\/a><br \/>Jul 29th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/henrycharles\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Charles P. Henry\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Charles P. Henry<\/a><br \/>Jul 28th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/mcquadebarbara\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Barbara McQuade\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Barbara McQuade<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/vancejoyce\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Joyce Vance\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Joyce Vance<\/a><br \/>Jul 26th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/mcculloughirvin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Irvin McCullough\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Irvin McCullough<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/devinetom\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Tom Devine\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Tom Devine<\/a><br \/>Jul 23rd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/ruanlotus\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Lotus Ruan\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Lotus Ruan<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/limgabrielle\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Gabrielle Lim\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Gabrielle Lim<\/a><br \/>Jul 21st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/shinethan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Dr. Ethan Hee-Seok Shin\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Dr. Ethan Hee-Seok Shin<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/leestephanie\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Stephanie Minyoung Lee\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Stephanie Minyoung Lee<\/a><br \/>Jul 20th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/chenowetheric\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Eric Chenoweth\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Eric Chenoweth<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/lasotairena\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Irena Lasota\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Irena Lasota<\/a><br \/>Jul 19th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/schmittmichael\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Michael Schmitt\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Michael Schmitt<\/a><br \/>Jul 19th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sanchezjulian\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Julian Sanchez\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Julian Sanchez<\/a><br \/>Jul 16th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/swalwelleric\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Representative Eric Swalwell\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Representative Eric Swalwell<\/a><br \/>Jul 16th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bickfordian\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ian Bickford\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ian Bickford<\/a><br \/>Jul 15th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/parkerkristy\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Kristy Parker\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Kristy Parker<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/rachelhomer\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Rachel Homer\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Rachel Homer<\/a><br \/>Jul 15th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/wangxiangnong\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Xiangnong (George) Wang\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Xiangnong (George) Wang<\/a><br \/>Jul 14th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/wafeqmanizha\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Manizha Wafeq\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Manizha Wafeq<\/a><br \/>Jul 13th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/weissmannandrew\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Andrew Weissmann<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a><br \/>Jul 9th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/grahamjrthomas\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr.\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr.<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/budjerynmariana\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Mariana Budjeryn\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Mariana Budjeryn<\/a><br \/>Jul 8th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/megallyhanny\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Hanny Megally\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Hanny Megally<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sidotichris\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Chris Sidoti\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Chris Sidoti<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sookayasmin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Yasmin Sooka\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Yasmin Sooka<\/a><br \/>Jul 7th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sneppdavid\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by David D. Snepp\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">David D. Snepp<\/a><br \/>Jul 7th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/shavirodaniel\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Daniel Shaviro\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Daniel Shaviro<\/a><br \/>Jul 4th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sheilmartinj\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Martin J. Sheil\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Martin J. Sheil<\/a><br \/>Jul 2nd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/falcondossapril\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by April Falcon Doss\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">April Falcon Doss<\/a><br \/>Jul 2nd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/finucanebrian\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Brian Finucane\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Brian Finucane<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/pomperstephen\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Stephen Pomper\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Stephen Pomper<\/a><br \/>Jul 2nd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/basijrasikhshabana\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Shabana Basij-Rasikh\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Shabana Basij-Rasikh<\/a><br \/>Jul 2nd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/akbarshaharzad\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Shaharzad Akbar\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Shaharzad Akbar<\/a><br \/>Jun 30th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/hendrixjustin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Justin Hendrix<\/a><br \/>Jun 29th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/shaefferrebecca\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Rebecca Shaeffer\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Rebecca Shaeffer<\/a><br \/>Jun 29th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/mihmkarl\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Karl Mihm\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Karl Mihm<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/colejustin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Justin Cole\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Justin Cole<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/petkovaiva\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Iva Petkova\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Iva Petkova<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/shieldsmargaret\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Margaret Shields\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Margaret Shields<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/dugasmari\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Mari Dugas\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Mari Dugas<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/tonckensnicholas\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Nicholas Tonckens\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Nicholas Tonckens<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bridgemantess\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Tess Bridgeman<\/a><br \/>Apr 23rd, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/mihmkarl\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Karl Mihm\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Karl Mihm<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/apkonjacob\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Jacob Apkon\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Jacob Apkon<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sruthivenkatachalam\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Sruthi Venkatachalam\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Sruthi Venkatachalam<\/a><br \/>Nov 12th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bridgemantess\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Tess Bridgeman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goldbrennerrachel\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Rachel Goldbrenner\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Rachel Goldbrenner<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a><br \/>Sep 7th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sirleafmatiangai\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Matiangai Sirleaf<\/a><br \/>Jul 13th, 2020<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/just-security-admin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Just Security\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Just Security<\/a><br \/>Jul 19th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bergerchristine\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Christine Berger\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Christine Berger<\/a><br \/>May 29th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bermanemily\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Emily Berman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Emily Berman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bridgemantess\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Tess Bridgeman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/rudesilldakota\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Dakota S. Rudesill<\/a><br \/>Oct 14th, 2020<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/hendrixjustin\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Justin Hendrix<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/tonckensnicholas\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Nicholas Tonckens\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Nicholas Tonckens<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/sruthivenkatachalam\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Sruthi Venkatachalam\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Sruthi Venkatachalam<\/a><br \/>Aug 29th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/shivalkarjuilee\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Juilee Shivalkar\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Juilee Shivalkar<\/a><br \/>Aug 8th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/brannenkate\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Kate Brannen\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Kate Brannen<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a><br \/>May 11th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/dfrlab\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Atlantic Council&#039;s DFRLab\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Atlantic Council&#039;s DFRLab<\/a><br \/>Feb 10th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/dugasmari\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Mari Dugas\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Mari Dugas<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/tonckensnicholas\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Nicholas Tonckens\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Nicholas Tonckens<\/a><br \/>Jan 11th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/schulkindanielle\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Danielle Schulkin\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Danielle Schulkin<\/a><br \/>Nov 3rd, 2020<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/shentonchris\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Chris Shenton\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Chris Shenton<\/a><br \/>Aug 24th, 2020<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/schulkindanielle\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Danielle Schulkin\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Danielle Schulkin<\/a><br \/>Jul 27th, 2020<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/brooksjulia\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Julia Brooks\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Julia Brooks<\/a><br \/>Mar 11th, 2020<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/violagienger\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Viola Gienger\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Viola Gienger<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/goodmanryan\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Ryan Goodman<\/a><br \/>Jan 31st, 2020<br \/>Scott Harshbarger is a Former Attorney General of Massachusetts, and co-founder and chairman of Lawyers Defending American Democracy (LDAD).<br \/>Dennis Aftergut\u00a0is a former federal prosecutor.<br \/>                             <a href=\"mailto:lte@justsecurity.org\" class=\"button has-icon icon-fa\">                                <i class=\"fa fa-envelope-o\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> Send A Letter To The Editor                             <\/a>                          <br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/wdodge\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by William S. Dodge\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">William S. Dodge<\/a><br \/>Nov 9th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/patelfaiza\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Faiza Patel\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Faiza Patel<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/dwyermarypat\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Mary Pat Dwyer\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Mary Pat Dwyer<\/a><br \/>Nov 1st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/brawleylaura\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Laura Brawley\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Laura Brawley<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/joardarantara\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Antara Joardar\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Antara Joardar<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/narasimhanmadhu\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Madhu Narasimhan\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Madhu Narasimhan<\/a><br \/>Oct 29th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/bridgemantess\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Tess Bridgeman<\/a><br \/>Oct 21st, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/peckraoul\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Raoul Peck\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Raoul Peck<\/a><br \/>Oct 12th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/falcondossapril\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by April Falcon Doss\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">April Falcon Doss<\/a><br \/>Oct 12th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/falcondossapril\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by April Falcon Doss\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">April Falcon Doss<\/a><br \/>Oct 6th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/zornicazra\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Azra Zorni\u0107\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Azra Zorni\u0107<\/a><br \/>Oct 5th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/falcondossapril\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by April Falcon Doss\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">April Falcon Doss<\/a><br \/>Oct 5th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/koenigalexa\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Alexa Koenig\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Alexa Koenig<\/a><br \/>Sep 24th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/mansourrenad\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Renad Mansour\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Renad Mansour<\/a><br \/>Sep 24th, 2021<br \/>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/author\/neieraryeh\/\" title=\"Profile and articles by Aryeh Neier\" class=\"author url fn\" rel=\"author\">Aryeh Neier<\/a><br \/>Sep 24th, 2021<br \/>Just Security is based at the Reiss Center on Law and Security at New York University School of Law.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/79273\/big-tobacco-type-lawsuits-from-state-ags-a-roadmap-for-redressing-facebooks-harms\/\">source<\/a><\/p>\n<!--CusAds0-->\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Scott Harshbarger and Dennis AftergutNovember 18, 20212016 Presidential Elections, 2020 presidential election, elections, Facebook, human trafficking, Litigationby Scott Harshbarger and Dennis AftergutNovember 18, 2021Twenty-three years ago, 46 states, private parties, and Big Tobacco reached the largest settlement of civil litigation claims in American history. Under that agreement, and related settlements with the other four [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAow1sXXCw:productID":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-733","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/733","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=733"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/733\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=733"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=733"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/monblogeur.tech\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}